The Most Frequent Inflammatory Disease Of The Central...

The most frequent inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) impacts the lives of two and half million people in the world, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (Schattling, 2013). Growing up, this disease has personally affected my family, and seeing a first hand account of the burden and turmoil that this disease causes for all of its patients it is critical to understand how this disease degenerates neurons and axons. The key players in this process are nervous system ion channels that regulate the influx and efflux of sodium and calcium, whether through exchangers or voltage-gated channels. There are normal molecular settings in neurons and there are MS molecular settings; the two are very different and progressively become further†¦show more content†¦These layers are made of myelin, produced by Schwann cells that are assigned early in the organism’s development. As these layers develop they become tightly packed around the axons, and the main benefit of this co ating is that it prevents the exiting and entering of ions for a distance along the axons. This protection allows the ions to travel further and cause action potentials at a faster rate (Norton and Cammer, 1984). Action potentials are caused by the influx of sodium ions followed by the slow efflux of potassium ions. The process of rapid action potentials jumping from one node to the next is called salutatory conductance (Black et al., 1991). Now, why are myelin sheaths so important to the fundamental understanding of MS? Briefly, individuals with MS have immune cells, many types, which attack the myelin around the axons—degenerating the myelin. This degeneration slows down the rate of action potentials in these axons (Wang et al., 2014). The entire purpose of action potentials is to respond to the stimulus placed upon the channels. This response is involved with cell-to-cell signaling and communication and sending messages back to the CNS. Without the protection around the axon the ions inside that produce an action potential now have the opportunity to exit the axon causing a shortening or even elimination in the distance the action potential travels. This is severely detrimental to the axon and neuron. To

Friedman vs Keynes Free Essays

Friedman vs. Keynes I. INTRO . We will write a custom essay sample on Friedman vs Keynes or any similar topic only for you Order Now II. Milton Friedman A. Historical Background B. View of Economy a. Early Views b. Later Views C. Influence on Policy Makers a. Richard Nixon b. Ronald Reagan III. John Maynard Keynes A. Historical Background B. View of Economy a. Trade b. Unemployment C. Influence on Policy Makers a. Prime Minister David Lloyd George b. Frank D. Roosevelt IV. Conclusion Friedman vs. Keynes The discipline of macroeconomics deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national economy as a whole. Macroeconomists seek to understand the determinants of aggregate trends in an economy with particular focus on national income, unemployment, inflation, investment, and international trade. Milton Friedman and John Maynard Keynes, who was both great economists, embraced the different challenges of the world by imposing their own philosophies. Although both Friedman and Keynes have some similarities, strong disagreements about the monetary arena set them apart. These two gentlemen traveled different paths of economics their whole life to establish ground rules for the government to follow. The first son of a working class Jewish family, Milton Friedman was born in New York City in the early 1900’s. Milton graduated high school before his 16th birthday and received a scholarship to Rutgers University where he began a specialization in mathematics. Milton’s interest in economics was influenced by two economics professors during his undergraduate studies during the time of the Great Depression (Friedman, 2005). He was convinced that the study of economics could help solve ongoing economic difficulties. Milton graduated with a double major of economics and mathematics. Milton has been credited as being the most influential economist of the second half on the twentieth century. Though originally a follower of the theories of John Maynard Keynes, Friedman later revoked the ideas of central control after witnessing the effects and moved towards advocating free markets. Friedman’s views of monetary policy, taxation, privatization, deregulation influenced the presidential term of Ronald Reagan in the United States during the 1980’s and Margaret Thatcher in Britain. Friedman served on the committee of economic advisors for President Richard Nixon and was at times nsuccessful at convincing Nixon to accept his advice (Stein, 2006). In addition to the influence on world leaders, Friedman’s impact on economy is also evident in his contribution to the payroll withholding tax system. This system was put in place to counteract tax evasion and tax avoidance either by domestic or international taxpayers. Milton Friedman also advocated for a v oluntary military and against a draft. Friedman’s approach to economy and government developed into a laissez-faire view. He defended capitalism and criticized the ideas of the New Deal. John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge, England in 1883. John’s father was a registrar at the University of Cambridge and an economist while John’s mother was one of the first female graduates of the University of Cambridge, and later the mayor of Cambridge. John Maynard Keynes began his studies in mathematics and the classics at King’s College of Cambridge (Reich, 1999). Keynes was strongly influenced by Alfred Marshall to change his academic interests to politics and economics. Upon completion of his undergraduate studies Keynes became a civil servant in India for a spell and later returned to Cambridge to teach economics. As World War I ensued Keynes returned to government employment and studied relations with war allies. Keynes acted as an economic advisor to Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Reich, 1999). Keynes is best known for his work and theories of prolonged unemployment. In his 1936 publication Keynes’s General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money Keynes explores the competitive capitalist economy that could move the economy toward a state of full employment based on a government sponsored policy. One could argue that geography, upbringing, and the social era that each economist was at during his professional peak as contributing factors to their differences. Friedman’s ideals appear to be rooted in rules while Keynes believed that policy should be carried out by superior elite. While Friedman believed that the interest is a real phenomenon is determined by the supply of and demand for loaned funds, Keynes would argue against. Keynes would pose that the interest rate is a monetary phenomenon and is determined by the supply of demand for money. There are obvious differences between Friedman and Keynes, yet there are some underlying similarities in their work. Both of these economists were great advocates of their ideas; both saw the great depression as a crisis due to lack of demand; both wrote in favor of floating exchange rates; and both were on the side of freedom in the great ideological struggle of the 20th century. In addition, both economists believed that capitalism should be preserved and that there were financial policies that could support a reasonable rate of growth (Stein, 2006). Based on the research that I have conducted I tend to lean towards agreeing with Friedman, though I do not reject all of the concepts presented by Keynes. Friedman’s approach to an unbalanced economy is realistic to what is seen in today’s economy. In following Friedman’s suit, I suspect that the aggregate economic state of the United States today, specifically increasing gas prices and high unemployment, as a result of significant world events. James/ECO-202 Reference Friedman, M. (2005). Milton Friedman Autobiography; The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1976. Retrieved October 20, 2007, from http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/ economics/laureates/1976/friedman-autobio. html Reich, R. B. (1999, March 29). John Maynard Keynes His radical idea that governments should spend money they don’t have may have saved capitalism [Electronic Version]. Time. Stein, B. (2006, November 27). Milton Friedman, freedom fighter. Retrieved October 20, 2007, from http://www. time. com/time How to cite Friedman vs Keynes, Essay examples

FMCG Competitors Western Suburbs Of Mumbai -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The FMCG Competitors Western Suburbs Of Mumbai? Answer: Introduction Patanjali Ayurved Limited (PAL) is an Indian FMCG company that is based out in Haridwar and has a market valuation of approximately ?30 billion (US$470 million) (Patanjali Ayurved 2017). The organization saw its origin way back in 1995 when Yoga guru Baba Ramdev set up the Divya Yog Mandir Trust with assistance from Acharya Balkrishna and Acharya Karamveer under the supervision of Swami Shankardevji. The organization went on to become a private limited company in 2006, with registrations of remarkable y-o-y growth with appreciable top and bottom lines. It has turned out to be the fastest growing Indian FMCG organization till record and their growth rate has established high benchmarks for their competitors to emulate. The main idea behind the establishing of the company was propagating the science of Ayurveda and put both Yoga and Ayurved on the world map. The company got registered under the Companies Act, 1956 and their registered office is in Bijwasa, New Delhi, with three more of fices in Haridwar. The company started out with a vision of supporting and pushing the lives of Indian farmers by means of locally sourcing raw materials from them so that they get a better chance at a better live, all the while simultaneously offering the Indian masses with an opportunity of getting to lead a healthy lifestyle (Patanjali Ayurved 2017). This report would be carrying out a thorough strategic analysis of Patanjali Ayurved Limited and through that come to conclusions and provide recommendations accordingly. Organizational research would be carried out to find out growth opportunities for the organization. Macro Environment Analysis The macro environment of an organization is comprised of forces that have the capacity of shaping the future course of action for it. A complete awareness of these forces would assist in analyzing the strengths and weaknesses in the current environmental context and accordingly strategize. It is imperative for PAL to understand and then accordingly formulate the necessary objectives and strategy, basing them on the same. The macro environmental forces that have an impact on Patanjali Ayurved are discussed below: Factors Analysis Political v The current scenario in this context is conducive for the development of PAL in the country. His support for the current PM is high. v The current central government is stable and helps PAL in moving on a fast growth track. v A challenge faced by PAL from state government is that they are expanding operations out of Uttarakhand due to lack of cooperation (Aradhak 2017). Economic v The inflation rate in a moderate dose is there in the customers minds while looking out for value-for-money products. v Increase rate of taxes and interests have an adverse influence on the cost of capital and therefore increases manufacturing cost, thus increasing the products market cost. v PAL gets benefitted from the implementation of GST. v PAL procures their raw materials locally and there is minimal thrust on export, so no significant impact is felt on currency exchange rates (Thomas 2016). Social v With time people are becoming more health conscious and they are spending more on health and awareness products and programs. v There is a growth in lifestyle diseases in the Indian society, like cancer, heart attacks, diabetes, and BP. The most driving cause behind this is the presence of chemicals in the food that we consume and the products that we are using, apart from our lifestyle (Chaubey 2016). Technological v The Indian government has established a favorable RD environment. Through Patanjali Yogpeeth Trust at Haridwar, PAL is involved with the RD of different herbal and ayurvedic products. There are claims that some PAL products have the capacity of curing even cancer. v The inclusion of automation in drug production has helped in the mass production of different ayurvedic drugs, all the while maintaining efficacy. v Better means of communication (Ghosh 2015). Environmental v There is no presence of harmful chemicals, giving it a direct advantage over the allopathic medicines that have different types of side effects. v India as a country is an affluent source of different herbs that might not be found anywhere else in the world. v Ayurvedic product manufacturing residues are less damaging than that of allopathic ones. v In comparison, Ayurvedic products are more environment-friendly (Basu and Ghosh 2015). Legal Ayurved is a vast turf and many government acts apply to it. Some of these acts are: the drugs and cosmetics act 1940 and rules made thereunder, the medicine central council act-1970, and the drugs and magic remedies act 1954 and the rules made thereunder (Anand 2015). Table 1: PESTEL Analysis O-T Analysis To identify the main opportunities and threats facing the company, the following table can be referred to: Opportunities Threats 1. Patanjali has the opportunity of expanding widely in the rural markets. 2. Different types of tie-ups like something in the form of Future Group would assist PAL in being more successful. 3. Diversifying their product base into other retail sections would also assist PAL in acquiring an overall Indian presence in the industry. 4. The company has the potential of increasing their global market just because Ayurveda is slowly gaining prominence all across the globe. 1. FMCG competitors of PAL are coming up with different Ayurvedic product variants. 2. PAL business can get heavily affected during poor farming seasons as their whole business is based on the natural ingredients for their products. 3. Any amount of negative word of mouth publicity over social media sites can become detrimental for the sales of the brand. Table 2: Opportunities and Threats Source: (Kumar et al. 2014) Industry Environment Analysis Force Analysis Impact Bargaining Power of Buyers Buyers always look for reliable ayurvedic compositions. The major determinants of the product are price and quality. There is no hesitance from the side of the buyers in shifting to a parallel quality product is obtainable at a lesser price from another manufacturer. Moderate Bargaining Power of Sellers As these kinds of businesses are extremely reliant on the appropriate component, suppliers or sellers possess a good bargaining power. The bargaining power of the sellers and suppliers get organized by backward integration i.e. by the establishment of personal herbal gardens and the planting of herbs. Patanjali got into control the bargaining power of the suppliers and the sellers by turning into a completely integrated organization. PAL is providing end to end solutions in Ayurved. Moderate to High Threat of Substitutes The substitute products are dependent on the respective product category, however, normally the sector in which PAL is present has a low to moderate threat of substitute ranges. Low to Moderate Threat of New Entrants The barriers to entry in this industry are quite significant as it asks for large capital investment for setting up networks and brand promotion. Current players are already using up the existing distribution channels. Only those few with expertise can leverage the economies of scale. For building brand equity, the established brands carry out a lot of marketing, making it harder for them to be beaten in their game. The newer companies do not have the option of sparing money on promotion and therefore cannot offer unsustainable prices. Moderate to High Competitive Rivalry This force has a high impact as there are private labels that provide heavy discounts in comparison with established brands. Therefore, the weak players get ousted from the market, which is already extremely fragmented with the presence of a large number of players. More MNCs are joining the bandwagon, with established brands investing in branding for demanding higher prices, making the overall situation difficult for gaining market share. High Table 3: Porters Five Forces Analysis Source: (Singh and Gopal 2016) Scenario Planning With ideally around 600 products dispersed in various FMCG arrangements, the product portfolio of Patanjali is broad and has ended up being clashing, which is causing disorder among customers and besides moving a long way from its middle-value proposition. For instance, the noodles or move class falls neither under the Ayurveda segment nor it is an Indian sustenance or recipe, both of which were the focus to Patanjali. Furthermore, just by saturating the market at first with the absolute volume of their different products, now it is acting test to the association to keep up demand and supply, to evade stock-out of top-notch products and clearing the less selling products (Rajeev et al. 2015). Driving Forces The supply and distribution of Patanjali are deficient and sporadic. Various a times, there is more supply than required and now and again, there is low supply. In accordance to one source, the fill rates of Patanjali products are to the extent of 40%. Conversely, multinational consumer goods associations, for instance, Nestl and HUL have a fill rate of 85-90%. The distributor edges are as low as 5% stand out from 8-10% as presented by other FMCG associations. A vast segment of Patanjali products is in this way sold on MRP inferable from low edges (Raizada 2016). Scenario A: The economy would suffer with the wastage of products Scenario B: The supply remains stable, but there is no demand due to competitiveness Scenario C: The excessive battle for supplying products would not present products to consumers Scenario D: Excessive supply would lead to wastage of raw materials Resources and Capabilities Patanjali has grown up to become a big organization in the Indian FMCG sector, possessing a lot of resources and capabilities. For understanding, if all those are a good source of sustainable competitive advantage, a VRIN analysis can be performed on them. Each of the company's capabilities is discussed below: Capabilities Analysis Competitive advantage Production plant PAL have their main production plant cum headquarters in Haridwar. It contains world-class state-of-the-art facilities of their manufacturing needs, increasing its overall value the value is acquired not just from production but from the production of natural and herbal products. It is rare and the scale of production is unprecedented. It is neither an expensive part nor is it inimitable. It is, however, substitutable as the production cannot be conducted without the plant. Positive Technology and knowledge application All raw materials are Ayurveda derived and naturally available. PAL has expertise in arriving at the magic product with the means of herbs, medicinal knowledge, and mixing. Herbal product competitors like Dabur do not do so on a scale like PAL. There is no other solution to this, thus making it inimitable and non-substitutable. Positive Brand image Patanjali piggybacks on Baba Ramdevs image, him being the brand ambassador of the brand and projecting the brand as a natural, organic and healthy option to all problems. His easily adoptable yoga lessons gave him enough credibility for relaunching Patanjali and associating it with better health. He is the reason for the brands success and the sleepless nights of the other FMCG brands. A brand ambassador of such a stature is rare, making the brand image non-imitable. But, it is substitutable as brand image and credibility can be built in other ways too. Temporary Government and social affiliations Baba Ramdev boasts of having strong associations with ruling parties and the brand is Swadeshi in essence, completely in alignment with the national political party tone. Thus, the brand relishes strong bond and reputation with authority. This resource might be valued but is not rare, as other companies also have ties and effect with the political parties. It is, however, non-substitutable as Patanjali boasts of access to land for establishing food parks, result of good relations with governments. Nevertheless, provided the ruling party changes, the situation for PAL might become difficult for them in obtaining such benefits. Temporary Arogya Kendras and chikitsalayas Patanjali has their own way of building brand credibility, different from other FMCG brands, which at the end of the day distinguishes it from other others. There are certified ayurvedic doctors who have assisted in increasing the trust factor for PAL. Positive word of mouth publicity has turned the brand into something rare, valuable and non-substitutable. Other FMCG giants cannot go for this strategy as they do not have the option of hiring ayurvedic doctors for recommending their products and cosmetic products, nor do they have the option of hiring doctors with MBBS degrees as that would be a costly value proposition. Positive Table 5: VRIN Analysis Source: (Sharma et al. 2016) Business-level Strategy Michael Porter proposed cost leadership, differentiation, and niche as the three-rule generic competitive strategies. PALs strategy incorporates all these three strategies. Within every way that really matters no promotion and progression costs, stood out from contenders, and moreover, with cut down affiliation and retail costs, PAL has inbuilt cost leadership in its supply chain. The differentiation strategy is worked via the genuine Ayurvedic interface through the originator Baba Ramdev. While HUL associated with Arya Vaidya Sala for its Ayush products, it has not been progressed as a durable proposition nor has it been reproduced in product claims. The forte strategy of PAL communicates to the accentuation on prosperity mindful middle-class customers transversely finished mini-metros and critical towns. Mate has found its place in the supernatural and yogic success that Baba Ramdev carries and the ordinary, Ayurvedic prosperity perspective that the products give (Chowdhary and Gop inath 2013). Meanwhile, PAL has picked a strategy that tries to oppose Porter's prepare on business description. Instead of portraying its business around just Ayurvedic prosperity and individual care products, the association has expanded into staple goods, for instance, atta, home care products, for instance, chemical powders and washing bars, and breakfast products, for instance, oats and noodles. The highlight is in every way on the considerable old marketing system of brand growths utilizing the umbrella brand liberality of Patanjali. Rather than generic product or business strategies, PAL is focused on working up its own 'generic home strategy', endeavoring to change over its consumer homes into Patanjali homes! While in one standpoint such a broad strategy would assist in climbing up quickly and moreover fulfill the goal of giving outrageous competition to MNCs on their home turf, the strategy has its tests (Upadhyay-Dhungel and Dahal 2014). Corporate-level Strategy Patanjali has also familiar FMCG products with diversifying in the market. Indian FMCG market is a market which has a broad assortment of customers. There are various opponents in each one of the classes and notwithstanding the way that they all have tantamount products open at for all intents and purposes similar prices, Patanjali is attemptig to demonstrate it differing through their marketing strategies. Regardless, entry to this business is straightforward (low entry limits) and this reality has been exploited capably to achieve joint favorable position for both Patanjali and the consumers (Tripathi and Khandelwal 2016). As observed in the above Image, the huge products of the Patanjali Food Park are sharbat (Juice concentrates), stick, salt, chyawanaprash, flour candy, washing powder, and so forward. The good position with each one of these products is that these are made of normal products and don't have any responses at all. In any case, as there are such a substantial number of players existing in the market, that Patanjali products have an extraordinary competition to look with. As a rule, product/market strategy of the Patanjali social occasion can be fathomed through Ansoff's Matrix as demonstrated as takes after. Ansoff's matrix, paying little respect to be more than a fifty-year-old marketing tool, still has a wonderful supporter of understanding the diversification strategy of the affiliation. It can be unmistakably agreed from the matrix that Patanjali Yogpeeth is diversifying itself from ayurvedic pharmaceutical to FMCG products (Rawal 2016). Opportunities for Growth PAL can acquire growth by means of growth hacking process. It rotates around 5 fundamental stages: Acquisition, Activation, Retention, Referral, and Revenue. Acquisition stage characterizes how to procure clients from various channels and Activation is the point at which the client chooses to make a move and utilize your product. Patanjali has a noteworthy preferred standpoint over different organizations as it is connected with an extremely well-known identity Baba Ramdev, who has coordinate communication with the consumers that have made a positive and dependable face value of Patanjali and advanced the brand even universally. Digital Marketing has assumed a noteworthy part in the achievement of Patanjali as well. Patanjali is normal in advancing new products through messages with the assistance of Digital Marketing and Content Marketing Tools; Patanjali has pulled in consumers by barraging promotions and teaching them on the significance of Ayurvedic products through websites and articles. Once the client has turned into a dynamic client of your product, this stage causes the client to return and stay draw in with your product for a more drawn out run. At the point when the client begins to allude or prescribe your product to companions and offers the positive surveys. Baba Ramdev has proposed Patanjali's advancement through media and online campaigns and bolstered Indian enterprises by making demands of Swadeshi Products (Brown and Ellis 2017). An essential stage for an organization, clients completely understand the value of your products and paying for it. Patanjali is one of the few companies who has focused on the groups of onlookers through two websites mediums: Corporate and E-commerce. Conclusion Baba Ramdevs Patanjali Ayurved Limited company has been able to make a disruptive progress in the FMCG sector. Within a short span of time, the company has been able to displace market giants and has become synonymous with ayurvedic products. Even though the complete demand is not yet fulfilled, efforts are on the rise from the companys side for increasing sourcing and maintaining a steady supply of raw materials, even in adverse situations. The company is completely focused on providing the masses with good products that do not compromise on health. The company is not just focused on selling only ayurvedic medicines, but also on diversifying their operations into the selling of FMCG products. With the discussions on the available opportunities of growth for PAL, the company can reach new heights and place India in a secure position in the global retail market. This report carried out a thorough strategic analysis of Patanjali Ayurved Limited and through that came to conclusions and provided growth recommendations accordingly. The organizational research was carried out to find out growth opportunities for the organization. References Anand, K. 2015.Heres Why Baba Ramdevs Rs 5000 Crore Empire Is Making Corporate India Uncomfortable. [online] indiatimes.com. Available at: https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here%E2%80%99s-why-baba-ramdev%E2%80%99s-200-crore-empire-is-making-corporate-india-uncomfortable-229410.html [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. Aradhak, P. 2017.430 acres allotted to Patanjali. [online] The Hindu. Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/430-acres-allotted-to-Patanjali/article16984837.ece [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. Baroto, M.B., Abdullah, M.M.B. and Wan, H.L., 2012. Hybrid strategy: a new strategy for competitive advantage.International Journal of Business and Management,7(20), p.120. Basu, S. and Ghosh, D. 2015.In Name of Ramdev's Infertility Cure, the Promise of a Boy Child?. [online] NDTV.com. Available at: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-name-of-ramdevs-infertility-cure-the-promise-of-a-boy-child-735287 [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. Brown, M. and Ellis, S., 2017.Hacking Growth: How Today's Fastest-Growing Companies Drive Breakout Success. Random House. 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Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/are-pes-bending-over-backwards-to-invest-in-patanjali/article8093259.ece [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. Tripathi, M. and Khandelwal, S., 2016. Rise of Patanjali-Effect of Patanjali Brand on FMCG Competitors in Western Suburbs of Mumbai.TIMSR Journal of Management Research, pp.37-55. Upadhyay-Dhungel, K. and Dahal, B.K., 2014. Chitta,The Mind-stuff as a Cognitive Apparatus: Model of mind and process of cognition as in Yogasutra of Patanjali.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science,2(1), pp.10-16. Yunna, W. and Yisheng, Y., 2014. The competition situation analysis of shale gas industry in China: Applying Porters five forces and scenario model.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,40, pp.798-805.